Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Battle Of Poltava shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Battle Of Poltava offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Battle Of Poltava at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Battle Of Poltava? Wrong! If the Battle Of Poltava is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Battle Of Poltava then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Battle Of Poltava? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Battle Of Poltava and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Battle Of Poltava wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Battle Of Poltava then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Battle Of Poltava site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Battle Of Poltava, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Battle Of Poltava, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox Military Conflict|conflict=Battle of Poltava|partof=
Great Northern War, painted 1726|date=[June 28 1709
(July 8,
Old Style and New Style dates)|place=Poltava, eastern Ukraine|combatant2= [Russian Empire|commander2= [Peter I of Russia|strength1=17,000 troops attacking, 8,000 besieging
Poltava,] arrived at the end of battle|casualties1=6,900 killed, wounded or missing
2760 prisoners|casualties2=1,345 killed
3,290 wounded-->
The
Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa) was a battle between the armies of
Peter I of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden on
28 June (according to the then-used Swedish calendar; 27 June in the old style and
8 July in the new style)
1709, the most famous of the battles of the Great Northern War. The decisive victory of the Imperial Russia is said to have started the end of Swedish Empire role as a Great Power and took their place as the leading nation of northern Europe. This also meant the rise of Imperial Russia.
Prelude
Early Swedish victories at Copenhagen and at the
Battle of Narva (1700) in 1700 knocked both
Denmark and
Russia temporarily out of the war. However, Charles was unable to bring the war to a conclusion, and it would take six years before he had dealt with the remaining combatant Charles Augustus of Saxony-
Poland. During this time Peter rebuilt his army into modern form, basing it primarily on infantry trained to properly use linear tactics and modern firearms. He then achieved a stunning propaganda victory when he established the city of
Saint Petersburg on Swedish territory, not Livonia. To end the war, Charles ordered a final attack on the Russian heartland with an assault on Moscow from his campaign base in Poland.
Charles marched along the main route between Poland and Moscow and waited as long as he could for General
Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt to arrive. At one point they were only 130 kilometres apart, but Charles gave up because that he needed supplies, and turned south into the
Ukraine in search of grain and better weather. The Ukrainian forces, under the command of the Cossack hetman Mazepa, had been in discussions with Charles for some time, and at this point officially allied himself to the Swedes in order to gain independence from Russia.
Lewenhaupt followed south and was attacked while crossing a river near a small village that gave name to the
Battle of Lesnaya. His forces met the Russian attack, but they were amazed to find that the new Russian army gave them a serious fight. Lewenhaupt, seeing that he was about to lose, decided to rejoin Charles with all speed, so he abandoned the cannon, the cattle and most of the food, driving the soldiers to
mutiny. Stealing all of the alcohol, the soldiers became drunk, and Lewenhaupt was forced to leave about 1,000 men drunk in the woods. By the time they finally reached Charles and the main force in the winter, no supplies and only 6,000 men remained.
by Mikhail Lomonosov.In the spring Charles resumed his advance, but his army had been reduced by about one-third due to starvation, frostbite and other effects of the weather. The wet weather had also seriously depleted the army's supplies of gunpowder; the cannon were also essentially out of action, due to a lack of usable ammunition. Charles's first action was to lay siege to the fort of
Poltava on the Vorskla River in the Ukraine. Peter had already organized a huge force to protect it, and he quickly arrived. On 27 June, Charles received information that large
Kalmyk forces were going to join Peter and to cut off all supplies of Swedish Army.
Battle
When the battle opened, Charles had about 14,000 men, while Peter commanded about 45,000. To make matters worse for the Swedes, Charles was wounded during the siege on
June 17, when he was hit in the foot when he took part in a small engagement during an inspection of the Swedish outposts on the banks of the
Vorskla. He had to turn over command to Field Marshal
Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld and General Adam Lewenhaupt. This was made all the more unfortunate by the divergent personalities of the two generals. Unfortunately, when they planned the battle, they forgot to tell their subordinate commanders.
The battle began before dawn at 3:45 a.m. on June 28, with the Swedes advancing boldly against the Russian fortified lines. At first, the battle started off in a traditional fashion, with the better trained Swedes pressing in on the Russians' redoubts, overrunning a few Russian defensive redoubts. The Swedish seemed to possess an advantage, but this was quickly nullified. By dawn, the weather was already very hot and humid with the rising sun obscured by smoke from cannon and musket fire. The Swedish infantry, commanded by General Lewenhaupt, attempted to attack the Russians. But the Swedish advance soon faltered, partly because the infantry had been ordered to withdraw and reorganise. To make matters worse, one Swedish detachment, commanded by General Roos, hadn't been told about the overall plan and became isolated in the Russian defensive redoubts when a column of about 4,000 Russian reinforcements reoccupied the fortified positions, trapping Roos and his 2,600-man force. With over 1,000 casualties and ammunition running low, Roos was forced to surrender his command.
The Swedes waited for Roos to return. As time went by, the Russians infantry moved out of its fortified camp. Around 9:00 am, the Swedish line started to move forward; 4,000 Swedish infantry against 20,000 Russian infantry. They advanced and the Russians saluted them with their guns creating a firestorm of shells. When the Swedes were 100 meters from the Russian line, the Russians aimed and fired their muskets. When they were 30 meters from the Russian line, the Swedes fired one volley and charged. They were on the verge of a breakthrough and needed the cavalry; unfortunately it was disorganised. The Russian line was longer than the Swedish line, and the Russian right soon flanked the Swedish infantry. Several regiments were surrounded in a classic
Battle of Cannae-style battle. The cavalry tried to buy the infantry time to get away; several units attacked the Russians head on despite them forming into squares. Seeing the defeat of his army from a stretcher in the rear, Charles ordered the army to retreat at 11:00 a.m. By noon, the battle was over as Russian cavalry had mopped up the stragglers on the battlefield and returned to their own lines. Charles then gathered the remainder of his troops and baggage train, and retreated to the south later that same day, abandoning the siege of Poltava. Rehnskiöld was captured. Lewenhaupt led the surviving Swedish forces to the Dnieper River, but was doggedly pursued by the Russian regular cavalry and 3,000 Kalmyks and forced to surrender three days later at Perevolochna, on
July 1.
Aftermath
and
Mazepa at the
Dnieper River after Poltava by unknown artist.Several thousand prisoners were taken, many of whom were put to work building the new city of St. Petersburg. Charles managed to escape with about 1,500 men to
Bendery, Moldavian Principality, then controlled by the
Ottoman Empire, and spent five years in exile there before he was able to return to Sweden.
Bibliography
- G. Adlerfelt, The Military History of Charles XII, King of Sweden, Written by the Express Order of His Majesty. London, 3 vols, 1740.
- Peter Englund, The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire. London, 1992, 288 pages ISBN 1860648479
- Angus Konstam, Poltava 1709, Russia Comes of Age. Osprey Campaign #34. Osprey Publishing, 1994, 96 pages. ISBN 1855324164
- Robert K. Massie, Peter The Great: His Life and Times Ballantine Books; 1981. 932 Pages, ISBN-10: 0345298063 : ISBN-13: 978-0345298065
External links
- Battle of Poltava
- The Decline of the Great Power: The Battle of Poltava (also used as a reference)
- Sequel to Poltava
{{Infobox Military Conflict|conflict=Battle of Poltava|partof=Great Northern War, painted 1726|date=[June 28 1709
(
July 8,
Old Style and New Style dates)|place=Poltava, eastern Ukraine|combatant2= [Russian Empire|commander2= [Peter I of Russia|strength1=17,000 troops attacking, 8,000 besieging Poltava,] arrived at the end of battle|casualties1=6,900 killed, wounded or missing
2760 prisoners|casualties2=1,345 killed
3,290 wounded-->
The
Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa) was a battle between the armies of
Peter I of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden on
28 June (according to the then-used Swedish calendar;
27 June in the old style and 8 July in the new style) 1709, the most famous of the battles of the
Great Northern War. The decisive victory of the Imperial Russia is said to have started the end of Swedish Empire role as a Great Power and took their place as the leading nation of northern Europe. This also meant the rise of
Imperial Russia.
Prelude
Early Swedish victories at Copenhagen and at the Battle of Narva (1700) in 1700 knocked both
Denmark and
Russia temporarily out of the war. However, Charles was unable to bring the war to a conclusion, and it would take six years before he had dealt with the remaining combatant Charles Augustus of Saxony-Poland. During this time Peter rebuilt his army into modern form, basing it primarily on infantry trained to properly use linear tactics and modern firearms. He then achieved a stunning propaganda victory when he established the city of
Saint Petersburg on Swedish territory, not Livonia. To end the war, Charles ordered a final attack on the Russian heartland with an assault on
Moscow from his campaign base in Poland.
Charles marched along the main route between Poland and Moscow and waited as long as he could for General
Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt to arrive. At one point they were only 130 kilometres apart, but Charles gave up because that he needed supplies, and turned south into the
Ukraine in search of grain and better weather. The Ukrainian forces, under the command of the Cossack hetman Mazepa, had been in discussions with Charles for some time, and at this point officially allied himself to the Swedes in order to gain independence from Russia.
Lewenhaupt followed south and was attacked while crossing a river near a small village that gave name to the
Battle of Lesnaya. His forces met the Russian attack, but they were amazed to find that the new Russian army gave them a serious fight. Lewenhaupt, seeing that he was about to lose, decided to rejoin Charles with all speed, so he abandoned the cannon, the cattle and most of the food, driving the soldiers to
mutiny. Stealing all of the alcohol, the soldiers became drunk, and Lewenhaupt was forced to leave about 1,000 men drunk in the woods. By the time they finally reached Charles and the main force in the winter, no supplies and only 6,000 men remained.
by
Mikhail Lomonosov.In the spring Charles resumed his advance, but his army had been reduced by about one-third due to starvation, frostbite and other effects of the weather. The wet weather had also seriously depleted the army's supplies of gunpowder; the cannon were also essentially out of action, due to a lack of usable ammunition. Charles's first action was to lay siege to the fort of Poltava on the Vorskla River in the Ukraine. Peter had already organized a huge force to protect it, and he quickly arrived. On 27 June, Charles received information that large Kalmyk forces were going to join Peter and to cut off all supplies of Swedish Army.
Battle
When the battle opened, Charles had about 14,000 men, while Peter commanded about 45,000. To make matters worse for the Swedes, Charles was wounded during the siege on June 17, when he was hit in the foot when he took part in a small engagement during an inspection of the Swedish outposts on the banks of the Vorskla. He had to turn over command to Field Marshal
Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld and General Adam Lewenhaupt. This was made all the more unfortunate by the divergent personalities of the two generals. Unfortunately, when they planned the battle, they forgot to tell their subordinate commanders.
The battle began before dawn at 3:45 a.m. on
June 28, with the Swedes advancing boldly against the Russian fortified lines. At first, the battle started off in a traditional fashion, with the better trained Swedes pressing in on the Russians' redoubts, overrunning a few Russian defensive redoubts. The Swedish seemed to possess an advantage, but this was quickly nullified. By dawn, the weather was already very hot and humid with the rising sun obscured by smoke from cannon and musket fire. The Swedish infantry, commanded by General Lewenhaupt, attempted to attack the Russians. But the Swedish advance soon faltered, partly because the infantry had been ordered to withdraw and reorganise. To make matters worse, one Swedish detachment, commanded by General Roos, hadn't been told about the overall plan and became isolated in the Russian defensive redoubts when a column of about 4,000 Russian reinforcements reoccupied the fortified positions, trapping Roos and his 2,600-man force. With over 1,000 casualties and ammunition running low, Roos was forced to surrender his command.
The Swedes waited for Roos to return. As time went by, the Russians infantry moved out of its fortified camp. Around 9:00 am, the Swedish line started to move forward; 4,000 Swedish infantry against 20,000 Russian infantry. They advanced and the Russians saluted them with their guns creating a firestorm of shells. When the Swedes were 100 meters from the Russian line, the Russians aimed and fired their muskets. When they were 30 meters from the Russian line, the Swedes fired one volley and charged. They were on the verge of a breakthrough and needed the cavalry; unfortunately it was disorganised. The Russian line was longer than the Swedish line, and the Russian right soon flanked the Swedish infantry. Several regiments were surrounded in a classic Battle of Cannae-style battle. The cavalry tried to buy the infantry time to get away; several units attacked the Russians head on despite them forming into squares. Seeing the defeat of his army from a stretcher in the rear, Charles ordered the army to retreat at 11:00 a.m. By noon, the battle was over as Russian cavalry had mopped up the stragglers on the battlefield and returned to their own lines. Charles then gathered the remainder of his troops and baggage train, and retreated to the south later that same day, abandoning the siege of Poltava. Rehnskiöld was captured. Lewenhaupt led the surviving Swedish forces to the Dnieper River, but was doggedly pursued by the Russian regular cavalry and 3,000 Kalmyks and forced to surrender three days later at Perevolochna, on July 1.
Aftermath
and Mazepa at the
Dnieper River after Poltava by unknown artist.Several thousand prisoners were taken, many of whom were put to work building the new city of St. Petersburg. Charles managed to escape with about 1,500 men to
Bendery,
Moldavian Principality, then controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and spent five years in exile there before he was able to return to Sweden.
Bibliography
- G. Adlerfelt, The Military History of Charles XII, King of Sweden, Written by the Express Order of His Majesty. London, 3 vols, 1740.
- Peter Englund, The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire. London, 1992, 288 pages ISBN 1860648479
- Angus Konstam, Poltava 1709, Russia Comes of Age. Osprey Campaign #34. Osprey Publishing, 1994, 96 pages. ISBN 1855324164
- Robert K. Massie, Peter The Great: His Life and Times Ballantine Books; 1981. 932 Pages, ISBN-10: 0345298063 : ISBN-13: 978-0345298065
External links
- Battle of Poltava
- The Decline of the Great Power: The Battle of Poltava (also used as a reference)
- Sequel to Poltava
Battle of Poltava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa) on 28 June 1709 (8 July, N.S.) [3] was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden in the most famous of the battles of ...
Poltava, Battle definition of Poltava, Battle in the Free Online ...
Poltava, Battle of (June 1709) Decisive victory of Russia over Sweden in the Second Northern War. The battle was fought near Poltava, Ukr., between 80,000 Russian troops under ...
Poltava
The Battle of Poltava by Denis Martens the Younger painted 1726. The Battle of Poltava, 28 th June 1709 “Dread Poltowa’s day, When fortune left the royal Swede,
The Battle of POLTAVA
The Battle of POLTAVA The Birth of the Russian Empire - Peter Englund (Synopsis and link to purchase)
Poltava, Battle of
Poltava, Battle of. (Map: Battle of Poltava.)The turning point in the Great Northern War (1700–21) between Sweden and Russia. When Hetman Ivan Mazepa learned that Tsar Peter I ...
From Narva to Poltava
Following the battle, all participating officers and soldiers were awarded medals bearing ... and in 1709 the first phase of the Northern War ended with Russia's victory at Poltava.
The battle of Poltava
THE BATTLE OF POLTAVA : History Dates Persons Poltava Sights Photo gallery Maps Modern and old Poltava News Links About us Our gratitudes Web-master
Battle Of Poltava
Amazon.co.uk: The Battle of Poltava: Birth of the Russian Empire ...
Amazon.co.uk: The Battle of Poltava: Birth of the Russian Empire: Peter Englund: Books ... This item is not eligible for Amazon Prime, but millions of other items are.
Poltava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709 (Old Style), or 8 July (New Style), tsar Peter the First, commanding 45,000 troops, defeated at Poltava a Swedish army of 29,000 troops led by ...
